Wednesday, 6 November 2013

Boys and girls: developmental differences

Children do develop slightly differently depending on their gender. But there's more variation amongst girls and boys than there is between them (Einon 2006: 35). Every child is unique and will develop at his or her own pace.
Gender identity
Toddlers may know their gender by the time they are three years old. However, toddlers live in the present, and may not realize that their gender now will be the same when they grow up (Einon 2006: 148-150).
Until toddlers are about three years old, they will just choose the toy to play with that they enjoy most. Whether it’s a doll or a toy lorry will make no difference to them.

It’s difficult to avoid your toddler being exposed to
gender stereotypes. Between three years old and four years old, children may start to choose the toys that they think are appropriate for their gender (Einon 2006: 148-150).
It’s around this age that children may start to prefer playing with friends of their own gender (Einon 2006: 150-151). Children may also choose gender-specific toys because they help them to fit in with their friends.

Even if you've tried to create a gender-neutral home, your little one may still see a dividing line between boys and girls. Toddlers have firm ideas about how girls and boys should behave and which toys they should play with. This is normal. Children see things in black and white. And this applies to gender as much as anything else.
Getting dressed
On average, girls learn how to do the fiddly things, such as dressing themselves and scribbling, earlier than boys (Einon 2006: 35; 166).
Both dressing and scribbling with crayons involve
fine motor skills. These are the small actions that toddlers make with their fingers and thumbs.
Making friends
Girls tend to develop social skills, such as the inclination to play with other children, earlier than boys (Einon 2006: 157). However, toddlers' social development is more related to the situation in which they're brought up than their gender (Einon 2006: 157).
Toddlers with older siblings may find it easier to get used to playing with other children, whereas single children may be more comfortable with adults (Einon 2006: 157).

When toddlers are three years or older, they will really start to understand love and trust. They'll start to be affectionate towards friends and extended family (Sheridan 2008) and may be keen to give their favourite people frequent hugs! They’ll also get better at sharing their toys, and may label all their playmates as friends (Sheridan 2008).
Physical activity
Generally, boys are more active and restless than girls, but it's a small difference (Einon 2006: 172). All toddlers love to keep busy by running, jumping, and throwing things. And all toddlers need at least three hours' activity a day.
However, there is evidence that boys are slightly more likely to
let their anger show when they are frustrated than girls are (Chaplin and Aldao 2012).

If your toddler's behaviour is sometimes a
challenge, keep calm and be consistent. Remember that all toddlers need the security of clear rules.
Potty training
Girls do tend to be potty trained about three months earlier than boys (Einon 2006: 164, Wu 2010). We don't really know why this is. Perhaps girls are more interested in feeling dry than boys are. Or maybe it's because boys tend to like being on the go more of the time, so they may be less happy with anything that prevents them from doing this, such as sitting on a potty.
Try not to worry and don't feel pressure to start
potty training before your toddler is ready. Every child is different.

Potty training is more likely to be successful if you let your child set the pace. Look for the signs that your toddler is ready to start. These signs can appear any time between 18 months and three years.
References
Brazelton TB. 1962. A child-oriented approach to toilet-training. Pediatrics. 29 (1): 121-128

Chaplin, DM and Aldao, A. 2012. Gender Differences in Emotion Expression in Children: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychol Bull. Epub ahead of print.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Accessed January 2013]

BAECE. British Association for Early Childhood Education. 2012. Developmental matters in the early years foundation stage.
www.education.gov.uk [pdf file, accessed December 2012]
Einon, D. 2006. The Baby Development Test. London: Vermilion.

Sheridan M. 2008. From birth to five years: children's developmental progress. London: Routledge.
Wu HY. 2010. Achieving Urinary Continence in Children. Nature Reviews. Urology. Medscape Education.
www.medscape.org [Accessed January 2013]




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